Jump to content

Foreign relations of Afghanistan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Politics of Afghanistan
Constitution
Government
Judiciary
Law enforcement
Administrative divisions
Elections
Foreign relations
flag Afghanistan portal

The foreign relations of Afghanistan are in a transitional phase since the 2021 fall of Kabul to the Taliban and the collapse of the internationally recognized Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. No country has recognised the new Taliban-run government, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Although some countries have engaged in informal diplomatic contact with the Islamic Emirate, formal relations remain limited to representatives of the Islamic Republic.

History

[edit]

Before the Soviet invasion, Afghanistan pursued a policy of neutrality and non-alignment in its foreign relations, being one of the few independent nations to stay neutral in both World War I and World War II. In international forums, Afghanistan generally followed the voting patterns of Asian and African non-aligned countries. During the 1950s and 1960s, Afghanistan was able to use the Soviet and American need for allies during the Cold War as a way to receive economic assistance from both countries. However, given that unlike the Soviet Union, the United States refused to give extensive military aid to the country, the government of Daoud Khan developed warmer ties with the USSR while officially remaining non-aligned. Following the coup of April 1978, the government under Nur Muhammad Taraki developed significantly closer ties with the Soviet Union and its communist satellites.

After the December 1979 Soviet invasion, Afghanistan's foreign policy mirrored that of the Soviet Union. Afghan foreign policymakers attempted, with little success, to increase their regime's low standing in the non-communist world. With the signing of the Geneva Accords, President Najibullah unsuccessfully sought to end the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan's isolation within the Islamic world and in the Non-Aligned Movement.

Most Western countries, including the United States, maintained small diplomatic missions in the Afghan capital Kabul during the Soviet occupation. Many countries subsequently closed their missions due to instability and heavy fighting in Kabul after the Soviet withdrawal in 1989.

Many countries initially welcomed the introduction of the Taliban regime, who they saw as a stabilising, law-enforcing alternative to the warlords who had ruled the country since the fall of Najibullah's government in 1992. The Taliban soon alienated itself as knowledge of the harsh Sharia law being enforced in Taliban-controlled territories spread around the world. The brutality towards women who attempted to work, learn, or leave the house without a male escort caused outside aid to the war-torn country to be limited.

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

[edit]

Following the October 2001 American invasion and the Bonn Agreement the new government under the leadership of Hamid Karzai started to re-establish diplomatic relationships with many countries who had held close diplomatic relations before the communist coup d'état and the subsequent civil war.

The Afghan government was focused on securing continued assistance for rebuilding the economy, infrastructure, and military of the country. It has continued to maintain close ties with North America, the European Union, South Korea, Japan, Australia, India, Pakistan, China, Russia and the Greater Middle East (most specifically Turkey), as well as African nations. It also sought to establish relations with more South American or Latin American nations.

Before the fall of Kabul in 2021, the foreign relations of Afghanistan were handled by the nation's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which was headed by Mohammad Hanif Atmar. He answered to, and received guidance from, the President of Afghanistan.

Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

[edit]
Main article: International relations with the Taliban
Further information: Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and List of international trips made by Amir Khan Muttaqi as Acting Foreign Minister of Afghanistan
Acting Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi

The Taliban gradually gained control of the country in the summer of 2021 and proclaimed the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan on August 15, 2021. The takeover culminated with the fall of Kabul. The Taliban has had some limited contact with foreign governments and will need to develop further relations with the international community as its new de facto government goes forward.

On 20 September 2021, the new government designated Mohammad Suhail Shaheen as a replacement for Ghulam M Isaczai, Permanent Representative of Afghanistan to the United Nations who continues to represent the country at the UN. The UNGA's nine-member credentials committee will decide on this but no date has been set.[1]

Since the Taliban took over the Afghan government, countries including China, Russia, and the United States have contacted Taliban representatives, but have expressed doubts about its commitment to counterterrorism.[2][3] Border clashes between the Taliban forces with Pakistan, Iran and Turkmenistan, and border closure and hostilities towards Tajikistan, have also caused friction with Afghanistan's neighbours.[4][5][6][7]

In September 2023, China became the first country to formally name a new ambassador to the country since the takeover, even though China still doesn't formally recognize the Taliban.[8]

Diplomatic relations prior to 2021

[edit]

List of countries which the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date[9]
1  Russia 27 May 1919[10]
2  Iran 2 May 1920[11]
3  Turkey 1 March 1921[12]
4  Italy 3 June 1921[13]
5  United Kingdom 22 November 1921[14]
6  France 28 April 1922[15]
7  Belgium 26 February 1923[16]
8  Poland 3 November 1927[17]
9  Egypt 10 March 1928[18]
10   Switzerland 20 April 1928[19]
11  Finland 15 December 1930[20]
12  Japan 26 July 1931[21]
13  Saudi Arabia 5 May 1932[22]
14  Iraq 20 December 1932[23]
15  United States 4 May 1935[24]
16  Sweden 22 November 1940[25]
17  India 10 December 1947[26]
18  Jordan 5 February 1948[27]
19  Pakistan 29 February 1948[28]
20  Lebanon August 1948[29]
21  Czech Republic 6 August 1949[30]
22  Indonesia 20 May 1950[27]
23  Austria 1950[31]
24  Syria 18 November 1951[32]
25  Brazil 1952[33]
26  Thailand 23 April 1953[34]
27  Germany 22 December 1954[35]
28  Serbia 30 December 1954[36]
29  China 20 January 1955[37]
30  Hungary 18 May 1956[38]
31  Netherlands 2 August 1956[39]
32  Myanmar 8 November 1956[40]
33  Sudan 18 May 1957[41]
34  Romania 5 June 1958[42]
35  Spain 28 October 1958[43]
36  Sri Lanka 1 November 1958[44]
37  Argentina 24 October 1959[45]
38  Bulgaria 12 June 1961[46]
39  Mexico 1 July 1961[47]
40    Nepal 27 June 1961[48]
41  Ghana 2 August 1961[49]
42  Mongolia 1 February 1962[50]
43  Chile 11 September 1962[51]
44  Norway 3 January 1964[52]
45  Kuwait 4 March 1964[53]
46  Denmark 26 January 1966[54]
47  Philippines 17 September 1968[55]
48  Morocco 5 March 1969[56]
49  Australia 30 March 1969[57]
50  Canada 17 July 1969[58]
51  Algeria December 1969[59]
52  Malaysia 24 January 1970[60]
53  Yemen 11 March 1971[61]
54  Libya 1 August 1971[62]
55  Bahrain 1 June 1972[63]
56  Qatar 16 January 1973[64]
57  Bangladesh 18 February 1973[65][66]
58  Senegal 20 February 1973[67]
59  United Arab Emirates 6 April 1973[68]
60  North Korea 26 December 1973[69]
61  South Korea 31 December 1973[70]
62  Vietnam 16 September 1974[71]
63  Cuba 23 September 1975[72]
64  Portugal 14 April 1976[73]
65  Mauritania July 1976[74]
66  Ethiopia 6 September 1981[75]
67  Grenada 11 March 1983[76]
68  Laos 11 March 1983[77]
69  Nicaragua 12 March 1983[78]
70  Benin 5 December 1984
71  Mozambique 7 January 1985
72  Zimbabwe 31 March 1987[79]
73  Cyprus 1987[80]
74  Togo 1987[81]
75  Zambia December 1988[82]
76  Colombia 3 August 1990
77  Ecuador 23 August 1990
78  Namibia 3 October 1990
79  Uruguay 4 October 1990
80  Venezuela 10 December 1990
81  Kazakhstan 12 February 1992[83]
82  Turkmenistan 21 February 1992[84]
83  Tajikistan 15 July 1992[85]
84  Uzbekistan 13 October 1992[86]
85  Georgia 12 July 1994[87]
86  South Africa 19 September 1994[88]
87  Azerbaijan 16 November 1994[89]
88  Moldova 1 December 1994[90]
89  Ukraine 17 April 1995[91]
90  Croatia 3 January 1996[92]
91  North Macedonia 17 July 1996[93]
92  Armenia 5 September 1996[94]
93  Belarus 15 June 1999[95]
94  Kyrgyzstan 12 November 1999[96]
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1999[97]
95  Panama 3 May 2002
96  Ireland 19 September 2002
97  New Zealand 18 September 2003[98]
98  Iceland 17 March 2004
99  Slovenia 20 September 2004[99]
100  Greece 2004[100]
101  Luxembourg 13 January 2005
102  Lithuania 11 March 2005
103  Oman 25 March 2005[101]
104  Estonia 1 July 2005[102]
105  Bosnia and Herzegovina 20 September 2005
106  Latvia 18 December 2005
107  Maldives 17 March 2006
108  Andorra 29 March 2006[103]
109  Singapore 22 June 2006
110  Albania 16 August 2006[104]
111  Brunei 14 February 2007[105]
112  Malta 18 February 2008
113  Bhutan 20 April 2010
114  Fiji 4 June 2010
115  Montenegro 21 September 2010
116  Monaco 13 October 2010[106]
117  Dominican Republic 3 December 2011[107]
118  Slovakia 17 January 2012[108]
119  Peru 27 September 2012[109]
120  Nigeria 16 April 2013[110]
—  Kosovo 17 June 2013[111]
121  Seychelles 24 February 2017
122  Liechtenstein 26 October 2018[112]
123  Dominica 27 April 2021[113]
124  Cambodia Unknown
—  State of Palestine Unknown
125  Tunisia Unknown

Bilateral relations prior to 2021

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Armenia 5 September 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 September 1996.[114]
  • Afghanistan is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Armenia is accredited to Afghanistan from its embassy in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
 Azerbaijan 16 November 1994 The two countries established diplomatic relations on 16 November 1994.[115]
  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Baku.
  • Azerbaijan to build its embassy in Kabul in the near future.[116]
 Bahrain 1 June 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 June 1972.[117]
 Bangladesh See Afghanistan–Bangladesh relations
  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Dhaka.
 Benin 5 December 1984 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 December 1984.[118]
 Bhutan 20 April 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 April 2010.[119]
 Brunei Darussalam 14 February 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 February 2007.[105]
 China 20 January 1955 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 January 1955.[37]

See Afghanistan–China relations

  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Beijing.
  • China has an embassy in Kabul.
 Egypt 10 May 1928 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1928.[18]
  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy in Kabul.
 Georgia 12 July 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 July 1994.[120]
 India 10 December 1947 See Afghanistan–India relations[121]

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 December 1947.[26]

India had traditionally enjoyed friendly relations with Afghanistan. Despite that, India supported the Soviet invasion and occupation of Afghanistan. Relations deteriorated after the Taliban took power in 1996. India unofficially supported the Northern Alliance minority groups against the Pakistani-backed Taliban. During the course of the hijack of Indian Airlines Flight 814 in 1999, the Taliban requested recognition by India in exchange for help in negotiations. The request was not acted upon by the Indian government. After the fall of the Taliban in late 2001, India strengthened ties with the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan by establishing consulates in most major Afghan cities.

India had participated in multiple socio-economic reconstruction efforts, including power, roads, agricultural and educational projects. Some of these include building dozens of dams and reservoirs, a number of hospitals or clinics, schools and government institutions. The long road from Bandar-Abbas in southern Iran to highway 1 in southern Afghanistan was carried out by state-owned Border Roads Organisation (BRO), the mission statement of which states that the BRO is India's "most reputed, multifaceted, transnational, modern construction organization committed to meeting the strategic needs of the armed forces." The killing of a BRO employee by the neo-Taliban in 2005[122] prompted the Indian authorities to dispatch approximately 200 Indo-Tibetan Border Police commandos to in 2006 to provide security for Indians working in various construction projects in Afghanistan.

Political contacts between India and Afghanistan had increased in 2011, especially after the death of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan. During Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's May 2011 visit to Kabul, it was announced that India's total aid to Afghanistan reached $2 billion after a package of $500 million was added.[123] There was also military ties between Afghanistan and India, which is expected to increase after the October 2011 strategic pact that was signed by President Karzai and Manmohan Singh.[124][125][126] India's the largest regional provider of humanitarian and reconstruction aid to Afghanistan.

 Indonesia 20 May 1950 See Afghanistan–Indonesia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 May 1950 when Minister of Indonesia to Afghanistan Major-General R. H. Abdul Kadir presented his credentials.[127]

  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Jakarta.
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Kabul.
 Iran 2 May 1920 See Afghanistan–Iran relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 May 1920 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Afghanistan to Persia Sardar Abdol Aziz Khan.[11]

Afghanistan's relations with Iran have fluctuated over the last decades, with periodic disputes over the water rights of the Helmand River as one of the main issues of contention.[128] Following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the Iranian Revolution, relations deteriorated. Iran supported the cause of the Afghan resistance and provided limited assistance to the ethnic Hazara rebel leaders who pledged loyalty to the Iranian Revolution. After the emergence of the Taliban, Iran stepped up assistance to the Northern Alliance minority ethnic groups. Iran did not have any form of relations with the Taliban. In 1998, when the Taliban captured the northern Afghan city of Mazar-e-Sharif, several Iranian diplomats were executed on espionage charges.

Since 2002, the new Afghan government has engaged in cordial relations with both Iran and the United States, even as relations between Iran and the United States have grown strained due to American objections to Iran's nuclear program. While Iran is helping to develop the Afghan Shia communities, the NATO officials have been accusing Iran of secretly arming and training the Taliban insurgents.[129][130][131][132][133] Iran is accused of playing a double game in Afghanistan, a helper to the Afghan Shias and a destabilizer for the larger Sunni Afghans.[134][135] In 2010, several high-level Iranian officials openly voiced for a failed Afghanistan.[136]

Ties between Afghanistan and Iran became strained in recent years due to Iran's toughened immigration policy, hastening the repatriation of many Afghan asylum seekers.[137] Although Iran has hosted large numbers of Afghan refugees since the early 1980s, it is seeking to repatriate the remaining ones back to Afghanistan as soon as possible.[138] A number of Afghans were executed by hanging in the streets of Iran, which sparked angry demonstrations in Afghanistan.[139] There have reports about Iran's Revolutionary Guards training Afghans inside Iran to carry out terrorist attacks in Afghanistan.

"Currently, the Revolutionary Guards recruit young people for terrorist activities in Afghanistan and try to revive the Hezb-i-Islami Afghanistan led by Gulbadin Hekmatyar and Taliban groups"[140]

— Syed Kamal, a self-confessed agent for Iran's Revolutionary Guards and member of Sipah-i-Mohmmad
 Iraq 20 December 1932 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 December 1932.[23]
  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Baghdad.
  • Iraq has an embassy in Kabul.
 Israel See Afghanistan–Israel relations

No formal relations between Afghanistan and Israel exist, as Afghanistan does not recognize Israel. However, leaders of both nations have met on numerous occasions.

 Japan 26 July 1931 See Afghanistan–Japan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 July 1931.[21]

  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Kabul.
 Jordan 5 February 1948 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 February 1948 when Minister of Jordan to Afghanistan Mohammed Pasha El Shureiki presented his credentials.[141]
 Kazakhstan 12 February 1992 See Afghanistan–Kazakhstan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 February 1992.[142]

  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Astana and a consulate-general in Almaty.
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Kabul.
 Kuwait 4 March 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 March 1964.[53]
 Kyrgyzstan 12 November 1999 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 November 1999.[143]
  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Bishkek.
  • Kyrgyzstan has an embassy in Kabul.
 Laos 11 March 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 March 1983.[144]
 Lebanon August 1948 Both countries established diplomatic relations in August 1948 when has been accredited Minister of Afghanistan to Lebanon (Resident in Bagdad) Mr. Ghulam Yahya Tarzi.[29]
 Libya 1 August 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 August 1971.[62]
 Malaysia 24 January 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 January 1970.[60]
  • Afghanistan has a resident embassy in Kuala Lumpur[145]
  • Malaysia is represented in Afghanistan by its embassy (high commission) in New Delhi
 Maldives 17 March 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 March 2006.[146]
 Mongolia 1 February 1962 See Afghanistan–Mongolia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1962[147]

 Morocco 10 March 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 March 1973[148]
 Mozambique 7 January 1985 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 January 1985.[149]
 Myanmar 8 November 1956 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 November 1956.[150]
 Namibia 3 October 1990 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 October 1990.[151]
   Nepal 1 July 1961 See Afghanistan–Nepal relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1961.[152]

 North Korea 26 December 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 December 1973.[153]
 Oman 25 March 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 March 2005.[101]
 Pakistan 29 February 1948 See Afghanistan–Pakistan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 February 1948.[154]

Afghanistan began diplomatic ties with Pakistan in 1947, when Pakistan became an independent state after the Partition of India. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, FATA and Balochistan have long complicated Afghanistan's relations with Pakistan. Controversies involving these areas date back to the establishment of the Durand Line border in 1893 which divided the Pashtun and Baloch tribes. Although shown on most maps as the western international border of Pakistan, it is unrecognized by Afghanistan.[155][156] From September 1961 to June 1963, diplomatic relations, trade, transit, and consular services were suspended by Pakistan.

The April 1978 Marxist revolution further strained relations between the two states. Pakistan took the lead diplomatically in the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference in opposing the Soviet invasion. It feared that after Afghanistan the Soviets would then enter Pakistani territory, especially the Balochistan region next to the oil-riched Persian Gulf. The United States was more fearing that Soviet reach to the Persian Gulf would threaten or suspend Arab oil supply so it began Operation Cyclone to provide billions of dollars to Pakistan for the training of Mujahideen against the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. The United States and Saudi Arabia provided as much as $40 billion to Pakistan.[157][158] Supported and funded by the UNHCR, about 3 million Afghan refugees were allowed to stay in Pakistan, most of them in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[159]

Pakistan developed closer ties with the Taliban government in 1996, which it believed would offer strategic depth in any future conflict with India, and extended recognition in 1997. Following Operation Enduring Freedom in late 2001, when the Taliban government was toppled, Pakistan recognized the new Karzai administration and offered around $250 million in aid for reconstruction of the war-torn country. This includes the rebuilding and expansion of the major roads linking Afghanistan with Pakistan, the construction of Jinnah Hospital in Kabul and the Allama Iqbal Faculty of Arts building at Kabul University.

Much of Afghanistan has long relied on Pakistani links for trade and travel to the outside world, and Pakistan views Afghanistan as its primary route for trade with Central Asia. In late 2010, the long-awaited Afghanistan Pakistan Transit Trade Act (APTTA) was finally signed by the two states. It took effect in June 2011, which is intended to improve economic ties.[160] As of 2011, Afghan-Pakistani political ties continue to decline from bad to worse. This is mainly due to the recent Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes, escalating Taliban insurgency which is alleged to be supported and guided by Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) spy network,[161] and the growing influence of its rival India in Afghanistan.

The Taliban appointed Mohammad Shokaib as first secretary or chargé d'affaires of Afghanistan's embassy in Pakistan. Since Pakistan does not formally recognize the Taliban government, Shokaib will not hold the formal title of ambassador.[162]

 Philippines 17 September 1968 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 September 1968.[163]
  • Afghanistan is accredited to the Philippines from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
  • The Philippines is accredited to Afghanistan from its embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan.
 Qatar 16 January 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 January 1973.[164]
 Saudi Arabia 5 May 1932 See Afghanistan–Saudi Arabia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 May 1932.[22]

Saudi Arabia has exerted a strong influence on Afghanistan, and was one of the major provider of funds to the mujahideen fighters against the Soviets. Saudi Arabia was also the second of only three countries to recognize the Taliban government, extending official recognition on 26 May 1997, one day after Pakistan and shortly before the United Arab Emirates.[165] After the removal of Taliban, Saudi Arabia is one of the major helpers in the Afghan reconstruction. For example, the main highway project is funded mainly by the US and Saudi Arabia. The largest mosque in Afghanistan was also financed by Saudi Arabia.

  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Kabul.
 Seychelles 24 February 2017 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 2017.[166]
 Singapore 22 June 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 June 2006.[167]
  • Afghanistan is accredited to Singapore from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
  • Singapore does not have an accreditation to Afghanistan.
 South Africa 19 September 1994

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 September 1994.[168]

  • Afghanistan does not have an accreditation to South Africa.
  • South Africa is accredited to Afghanistan from its embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan.
 South Korea 31 December 1973 See Afghanistan–South Korea relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 December 1973.[70]

High-level Exchanges From Afghanistan to the South Korea 2010 Mar Farahi (Deputy Foreign Minister) 2012 Nov Ludin (Deputy Foreign Minister) 2013 Feb Khalili (2nd Vice President) 2013 Jul Najafi (Minister of Transport) 2013 Aug Raheen (Minister of Culture) 2013 Oct Sangin (Minister of Telecommunication).[169]

  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Seoul.
  • South Korea has an embassy in Kabul.
 Sri Lanka 1 November 1958 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 November 1958.[170]
 Sudan 18 May 1957 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 May 1957.[41]
 Syria 18 November 1951 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 1951 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires ad interim of Afghanistan to Syria (Resident in Bagdad) Mr. Mir Amanullah Rahimi.[32]
 Tajikistan 15 July 1992 See Afghanistan–Tajikistan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 July 1992.[171]

  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Dushanbe and a consulate-general in Kharogh.
  • Tajikistan has an embassy in Kabul.
 Thailand 23 April 1953 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 April 1953.[34]
 Turkey 1 March 1921 See Afghanistan–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 1921[12]

Afghanistan was the second country to recognize the Republic of Turkey on 1 March 1923, after the Soviet Union, establishing diplomatic contacts whilst the Turkish War of Independence was still being waged. Talks held in Moscow on 1 March 1921 resulted in the Turkey-Afghanistan Alliance Agreement and a period of intense cooperation. In 1937, shortly before the outbreak of World War II, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq and Turkey signed the Treaty of Saadabad.

Since the 1920s Turkey enjoyed its prestige in Afghanistan. [citation needed] Both countries established education and cultural exchange programs. Inside Afghanistan Turkish schools were established. Furthermore, Turkish army officers assisted or even commanded the training of Afghan military members. The foreign relations of Afghanistan have changed so much politically, socially and economically. Today the relations between the two countries go beyond giving military education. In this respect it is noteworthy that this article handles the developments in the relationship between Afghanistan and Turkey in historical context.[173] Afghan and Turkish relations spans several centuries, as many Turkic and Afghan peoples ruled vast areas of Central Asia and the Middle East particularly the Ghaznavids, Khalji, Timurid, Lodhi, Mughal, Afsharid, and Durrani empires. Throughout its long history, many Ottoman officials were in close contact with Afghan leaders even up until the early 20th century when the Ottoman administrator Ahmad Jamal Pasha went to Afghanistan where he worked on modernizing the Afghan Armed Forces. Turkey has participated in the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) since its inception with the deployment of 290- non-combatant support personnel in 2001 and has assumed command of ISAF II (June 2002 – February 2003) and ISAF VII (February–August 2005). According to Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Burhan Kayatürk; Turkey, which has the goodwill of the Afghani people, "can help win the hearts and minds of the Afghani people", who, "like the Turkish soldiers", and, "steer them away from militancy by strengthening the infrastructure in education, health and industry".[174]

Turkish troops have not participated as combat forces but rather as logistical support and training Afghan personnel. Over 12,000 Afghan soldiers and police have been trained.[175]

Turkish construction firms have subsequently also become active in the country. [citation needed] Turkey is responsible for maintaining security around Kabul, providing training for the Afghan National Army and Afghan National Police and have undertaken a number of reconstruction projects in the fields of education, health and agriculture in the province of Vardak. Turkey's support of the Bonn Agreement and the Afghan Constitution Commission resulted in an official visit to Turkey by Afghan President Hamid Karzai on 4 April 2002 and made a reciprocal visit to Afghanistan by Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan a short time later.

  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Kabul and a consulate-general in Mazar-i-Sharif.
 Turkmenistan 21 February 1992 See Afghanistan–Turkmenistan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 February 1992.[84]

  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Ashgabat and a consulate-general in Mary.
  • Turkmenistan has an embassy in Kabul and consulates in Herat and Mazar-i-Sharif.
 United Arab Emirates 6 April 1973[68] See Afghanistan–United Arab Emirates relations
  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai.[176]
  • United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Kabul.
 Uzbekistan 13 October 1992 See Afghanistan–Uzbekistan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 1992.[86]

After the independence of Uzbekistan in 1991, the coming upheavals in Afghanistan and in Tajikistan caused security issues and regional anxiety. Uzbekistan continued this policy for a long time, but in 2016 started boosting relations with Afghanistan in terms of trade, socio-cultural and educational exchanges.[177]

  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Tashkent and a consulate-general in both Bukhara and Termez.[178]
  • Uzbekistan has an embassy in Kabul and a consulate in Mazar-i-Sharif.
 Vietnam 16 September 1974[71] See Afghanistan–Vietnam relations
  • Afghanistan is accredited to Vietnam from its embassy in Beijing, China.
  • Vietnam is accredited to Afghanistan from its embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan.
 Yemen 11 March 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 March 1971[61]
  • Afghanistan is accredited to Yemen from its embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
  • Yemen does not have an accreditation to Afghanistan
 Zimbabwe 31 March 1987
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 March 1987.[179]
  • Afghanistan currently does not have an accreditation to Zimbabwe.
  • Zimbabwe is accredited to Afghanistan from its embassy in Tehran, Iran.
 Zambia December 1988
  • Zambia is accredited to Afghanistan from its embassy in Beijing, China.

Americas

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 24 October 1959 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1959.[180]
  • Afghanistan is accredited to Argentina from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Argentina is accredited to Afghanistan from its embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan.[181]
 Brazil 1952 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1952.[182]
  • Afghanistan is accredited to Brazil from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Brazil is accredited to Afghanistan from its embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan.
 Canada 17 July 1968 See Afghanistan–Canada relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 July 1968.[183]
Canadian Ambassador William Crosbie makes remarks during the opening of the refurbished Turquoise Mountain Foundation in Kabul on 9 May 2011.

The September 11, 2001, attacks in the U.S. prompted Canada to re-evaluate its policies toward Afghanistan. The Minister of National Defence Art Eggleton advised Governor General Adrienne Clarkson to authorize more than 100 Canadian Forces members serving on military exchange programs in the United States and other countries to participate in U.S. operations in Afghanistan. Although not participating in the opening days of the invasion, Prime Minister Jean Chrétien announced on 7 October that Canada would contribute forces to the international force being formed to conduct a campaign against terrorism. General Ray Henault, the Chief of the Defence Staff, issued preliminary orders to several Canadian Forces units, as Operation Apollo was established. The Canadian commitment was originally planned to last to October 2003.

 Chile 11 September 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 September 1962[51]
  • Afghanistan is accredited to Chile from its embassy in Washington D.C., United States.
  • Chile does not have an accreditation to Afghanistan.
 Colombia 3 August 1990 See Afghanistan–Colombia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1990.[185]

  • Afghanistan is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Colombia is accredited to Afghanistan from its embassy in New Delhi, India.
 Cuba 23 September 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 1975.[186]
 Dominica 22 April 2021 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 April 2021.[187]
 Dominican Republic 3 December 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 December 2011.[188]
 Ecuador 23 August 1990 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 August 1990.[189]
 Grenada 11 March 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 March 1983.[76]
 Mexico 27 June 1961 See Afghanistan–Mexico relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 June 1961.[190]

  • Afghanistan is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[191]
  • Mexico is accredited to Afghanistan from its embassy in Tehran, Iran.[192]
 Panama 3 May 2002 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 May 2002.[193]
 Peru 27 September 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2012.[109]
 United States 4 May 1935 See Afghanistan–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 May 1935.[24]

Official diplomatic relations between Afghanistan and the United States began in the 1920s, although contact between the two nations was made in the late 1830s with the visit of Josiah Harlan.[194] Residing in Tehran, William Harrison Hornibrook served as a non-resident U.S. Envoy (Minister Plenipotentiary) to Afghanistan from 1935 to 1936.[195]

The United States established its first official Kabul Legation in 1942, which was elevated to the Kabul Embassy in 1948. Louis Goethe Dreyfus, who previously served as Minister Plenipotentiary, became the U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan from 1949 to 1951.[195] The first official Afghanistan Ambassador to the United States was Habibullah Khan Tarzi who served from 1948 to 1953.

Since the 1950s the U.S. extended an economic assistance program focused on the development of Afghanistan's physical infrastructure which included roads, dams, and power plants. Later, U.S. aid shifted from infrastructure projects to technical assistance programs to help develop the skills needed to build a modern economy. Dwight D. Eisenhower visited Kabul in December 1959, becoming the first U.S. president to travel to Afghanistan. The Peace Corps was active in Afghanistan between 1962 and 1979. During the early 1960s King of Afghanistan, Zahir Shah, visited the United States and met with John F. Kennedy.

Embassy of Afghanistan in Washington, D.C.

After the April 1978 coup, relations deteriorated. In February 1979, U.S. Ambassador Adolph "Spike" Dubs was murdered in Kabul after security forces burst in on his kidnappers. The U.S. then reduced bilateral assistance and terminated a small military training program. All remaining assistance agreements were ended after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

Following the Soviet invasion, the United States supported diplomatic efforts to achieve a Soviet withdrawal. In addition, generous U.S. contributions to the refugee program in Pakistan played a major part in efforts to assist Afghans in need. U.S. efforts also included helping Afghans living inside Afghanistan. This cross-border humanitarian assistance program aimed at increasing Afghan self-sufficiency and helping Afghans resist Soviet attempts to drive civilians out of the rebel-dominated countryside. During the period of Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, the U.S. provided about $3 billion in military and economic assistance to the Afghan Mujahideens.

Following the September 11 attacks, the United States launched an attack on the Taliban government as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. Following the overthrow of the Taliban, the U.S. supported the new Karzai administration and stationed 100,000 of U.S. troops in the country. Their aim was to help the new government of President Hamid Karzai establish authority across Afghanistan and hunt down insurgents that are launching attacks.

The United States was the leading nation in the rebuilding or reconstruction of Afghanistan. It provided multi-billion US dollars in weapons and aid, as well as infrastructure development.[196] In 2005, the United States and Afghanistan signed a strategic partnership agreement committing both nations to a long-term relationship.[197] U.S. President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush made a surprise visit to Afghanistan on 1 March 2006. Hamid Karzai was hailed as an example of a great leader by most U.S. politicians, universities and media outlets every time he visited the United States. Although, the U.S. military was to remain in Afghanistan until the end of 2014, U.S. officials offered to remain longer if the Afghan people wanted them.[198]

A US State Department report criticized the handling of the 2021 Afghanistan evacuation, highlighting the serious consequences of troop withdrawals by Presidents Biden and Trump on the security of the former US-backed government. The report raised concerns over the lack of coordination and failure to expand crisis-management efforts during the Taliban's advance on Kabul, without directly naming Secretary of State Antony Blinken.[199]

The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan collapsed and the Taliban rebuilt the Islamic emirate after the U.S. and the Taliban signed the Doha agreement and fully withdraw from Afghanistan in 2021.

 Uruguay 4 October 1990 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 October 1990.[201]
 Venezuela 10 December 1990 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 December 1990.[202]

Europe

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Albania 16 August 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 August 2006.[203]
 Andorra 29 March 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 March 2006.[103]
 Austria
  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Vienna.
  • Austria is accredited to Afghanistan from its embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan.
 Belarus 15 June 1999 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 June 1999.[204]
 Belgium 26 February 1923 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 February 1923.[205]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 20 September 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 September 2005.[206]
 Bulgaria 12 June 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 June 1961.[207]
  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Sofia.
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Kabul.
 Croatia 3 January 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 January 1996.[92]
 Czech Republic 13 October 1937 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 1937.[208]
  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Prague.
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Kabul.
 Denmark 26 January 1966 See Afghanistan–Denmark relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 January 1966.[209]

Denmark had 760 soldiers in Afghanistan in 2010,[210] operating without caveat and concentrated in Helmand province.[211] Relations between the two countries are friendly.[212] Around 9,578 Afghan immigrants reside in Denmark.[213]

Diplomatic relations were established in 1947.[214] On 24 May 1967, an air service agreement was signed in Kabul.[215] On 2 March 1979, an agreement on a Danish loan to Afghanistan was signed.[216]

Since 2001, the Danish Defence was involved in the War in Afghanistan as part of the ISAF. The Danish Defence with the British Armed Forces have been involved in clashes with the Taliban in the Helmand Province. Denmark had two of their F-16s in the Manas Air Base, Kyrgyzstan to support their forces in Afghanistan.[217][218]

Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees is an organization, working in Afghanistan. The organization was created to support the Afghans, who had fled to Pakistan and Iran.[219] Danish assistance to Afghanistan amounts $80 million each year.[220] Since the fall of the Taleban in 2001, Denmark has supported Afghanistan with education and democratisation.[221] In 2005, the Folketing approved 670 million DKK, to the rebuilding of Afghanistan.[222]

On 28 January 2006, the Afghan president Hamid Karzai visited Anders Fogh Rasmussen in Marienborg, the summer residence of the Danish Prime Minister.[223] In September 2009, Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen visited Camp Bastion.[224] On 23 June 2010, Danish Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen visited Afghanistan, where he met Hamid Karzai.[225] On 10 January 2011, Afghan Foreign Minister Zalmai Rassoul visited Denmark, to discuss bilateral relations.[226]

  • Afghanistan is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in Oslo, Norway.
  • Denmark has an embassy in Kabul.
 Estonia 1 July 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 2005.[227]
 Finland 11 May 1956 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 May 1956.[228]
  • Afghanistan recognized the Independence of Finland on 17 July 1928.
  • Afghanistan is accredited to Finland through its embassy in Oslo, Norway.
  • Finland has an embassy in Kabul.
 France 28 April 1922 See Afghanistan–France relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 April 1922[15]

  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Paris.[229]
  • France has an embassy in Kabul.[230]
 Germany 16 October 1922 See Afghanistan-Germany relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 October 1922 when has been accredited first Envoy of Afghanistan to Germany Ghulam Siddiq Khan.[231] After the Second World War, diplomatic relations were established with the Federal Republic of Germany on 22 December 1954.[232]

Afghan President Hamid Karzai in Germany, with Franz Josef Jung to his right and James L. Jones to his left.

The German-Afghan relationship is long and has been mostly cordial. In 1935 under prime minister Muhammad Hashim, Afghanistan established a close relationship with Germany, a distinct change of relations in comparison to its usual position between the Russian and British spheres of influence. Under this relationship, Afghanistan received German foreign aid and technical assistance, and also developed closer ties with Germany's allies, Italy, Spain and Japan.[233]

Many Afghan academics studied in Germany, many more sought refuge in Germany during the years of civil war. There has been significant cultural exchange over the years. Several of the best secondary schools in Kabul are founded and supported by the German government. The number of Afghans in Germany is about 90,000 but many others have been deported from there in the last decade.[234][235] Germany has been one of the most significant donors of foreign aid and partners in the rebuilding of Afghanistan. The Bonn agreement deals with the post Taliban governance of Afghanistan.

  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Bonn and Munich.
  • Germany has an embassy in Kabul.
 Greece 27 September 1962 See Afghanistan–Greece relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1962.[236]
  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Athens.
  • Greece is accredited to Afghanistan from its embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan.[237]
 Hungary 18 May 1956 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 May 1956.[238]
  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Kabul.
 Iceland 17 March 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 March 2004.[239]
  • Afghanistan is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway.
  • Iceland is accredited to Afghanistan from its embassy in Oslo, Norway.
 Ireland 19 September 2002 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 September 2002.[240]
 Italy 3 June 1921 See Afghanistan–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 June 1921.[13]

Italian-Afghan relations have generally been positive, and Italy has served as a place of exile for two former Afghan kings, Amanullah Khan (deposed 1929) and Mohammed Zahir Shah (deposed 1973). Italy was among the first nations to recognise Afghanistan's sovereignty, along with Germany, Turkey, France, and Iran, following the 1919 recognition by the Soviet Union.[241]

Italy began to take on increased involvement (although on a relatively small scale) in 1935, as Afghanistan established closer relations with Germany, a key Italian ally.[233] Afghanistan maintained these ties throughout much of World War II, though it came under strong pressure from Moscow and London to expel the German and Italian diplomatic corps.[233]

  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy has an embassy in Kabul.
 Kosovo 17 June 2013

Afghanistan was the first country who officially recognised the independence of the Republic of Kosovo on 18 February 2008.[242] Afghanistan and Kosovo established diplomatic relations on 17 June 2013.[243]

 Latvia 18 December 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 December 2005.[244]
 Liechtenstein 26 October 2018 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 October 2018.[245]
 Lithuania 31 March 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 March 2005.[246]
 Luxembourg 13 January 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 January 2005.[247]
 Malta 8 February 2008 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 February 2008.[248]
 Moldova 1 December 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 December 1994.[249]
 Monaco 13 October 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 2010.[250]
 Montenegro 21 September 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 2010.[251]
 Netherlands 2 August 1956 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 August 1956 when first Envoy of Afgnanistan Dr. Sardir Najib-Ullah Khan presented his credentials to Queen of the Netherlands.[39]
 North Macedonia 17 July 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 July 1996.[252]
 Norway 31 December 1962 See Afghanistan–Norway relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 December 1962.[253]

  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Oslo.
  • Norway has an embassy in Kabul.
 Poland 3 November 1927 See Afghanistan–Poland relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 November 1927.[254]

  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland is accredited to Afghanistan from its embassy in New Delhi, India.
 Portugal 14 April 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 April 1976.[255]
 Romania 5 June 1958 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 June 1958.[256]
  • Afghanistan is accredited to Romania from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.
  • Romania is accredited to Afghanistan from its embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan.
 Russia 27 May 1919 See Afghanistan–Russia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 May 1919.[10]

Hamid Karzai sitting with Russia's President Dmitry Medvedev

Afghanistan and Russia have shared a highly varied relationship from the mid-19th century to the modern day. For decades, Russia and Britain struggled for influence in Afghanistan, strategically positioned between their two empires, in what became known as "The Great Game". Following the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, the new Soviet Union established more cordial relations with Afghanistan, and in 1919 became the first country to recognise Afghan sovereignty.[241]

Relations between the two nations became complicated following the 1978 communist coup known as the Saur Revolution. The new communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was highly dependent on the Soviet Union, and the Soviet support for the widely disliked communist regime, and the ensuing Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, led to a great hatred for the Soviets in much of the Afghan population. The Soviets occupied Afghanistan in the face of a bitter ten-year insurgency before withdrawing in 1989. Even following the withdrawal of Soviet forces, the Soviet Union provided massive support to the embattled DRA government, reaching a value of $3 billion a year in 1990. However, this relationship dissolved in 1991 along with the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself. On 13 September 1991, the Soviet government, now dominated by Boris Yeltsin, agreed with the United States on a mutual cut off of military aid to both sides in the Afghan civil war beginning on 1 January 1992. The post-coup Soviet government then attempted to develop political relations with the Afghan resistance. In mid-November it invited a delegation of the resistance's Afghanistan Interim Government (AIG) to Moscow where the Soviets agreed that a transitional government should prepare Afghanistan for national elections. The Soviets did not insist that Najibullah or his colleagues participate in the transitional process. Having been cut adrift both materially and politically, Najibullah's faction torn government began to fall apart, and the city of Kabul fell to the Mujahideen factions in April 1992.

In 2009, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev announced that he wanted to be more involved in Afghanistan, supporting development of infrastructure and the army. This came as relations between Afghan President Karzai and American President Obama reached a low.

  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Kabul and a consulate-general in Mazar-i-Sharif.
 Serbia 30 December 1954 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 December 1954.[257]
  • Afghanistan does not have an accreditation to Serbia.
  • Serbia is accredited to Afghanistan from its embassy in New Delhi, India.
 Slovenia 20 September 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 September 2004.[258]
 Spain 9 May 1950 See Afghanistan–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 May 1950.[259]

  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Kabul.
 Sweden 22 November 1940 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 November 1940.[25]
  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Kabul.
 Ukraine 17 April 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 April 1995.[91]
 United Kingdom 22 November 1921 See Afghanistan–United Kingdom relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 November 1921.[14]

Further information: The Great Game, First Anglo-Afghan War, Second Anglo-Afghan War, Third Anglo-Afghan War, and Fourth Anglo-Afghan War

British interest involves the protection of India, especially from Russia—a contest called The Great Game in the late 19th century. A series of Anglo-Afghan wars between 1839 and 1919 have historically shaped the backdrop for relations between Afghanistan and the United Kingdom. After nearly a century of Anglo-Indian influence in Afghanistan, the state was declared independent in 1919. The United Kingdom did not contribute nor actively oppose the communist led Saur Revolution, it opposed the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and had no involvement in the series of civil wars that followed the Soviet withdrawal in 1989.[260]

  • Afghanistan has an embassy in London.
  • United Kingdom has an embassy in Kabul.

Oceania

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia 16 December 1968 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 1968.[261]
 Fiji 4 June 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 June 2010.[263]
 New Zealand 18 September 2003 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 September 2003[264]
  • Afghanistan is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Afghanistan from its embassy in Tehran, Iran.
  • See also: List of Afghan Ambassadors to New Zealand

United Nations

[edit]

During the Soviet occupation in the 1980s, the United Nations was highly critical of the Soviet Union's interference in the internal affairs of Afghanistan and was instrumental in obtaining a negotiated Soviet withdrawal under the terms of the Geneva Accords.

In the aftermath of the Accords and subsequent Soviet withdrawal, the United Nations has assisted in the repatriation of refugees and has provided humanitarian aid such as health care, educational programs, and food and has supported mine-clearing operations. The UNDP and associated agencies have undertaken a limited number of development projects. However, the UN reduced its role in Afghanistan in 1992 in the wake of fierce factional strife in and around Kabul. The UN Secretary General has designated a personal representative to head the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance to Afghanistan (UNOCHA) and the Special Mission to Afghanistan (UNSMA), both based in Islamabad, Pakistan. Throughout the late 1990s, 2000, and 2001, the UN unsuccessfully strived to promote a peaceful settlement among the Afghan factions as well as provide humanitarian aid, this despite increasing Taliban restrictions upon UN personnel and agencies.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Taliban asks to address UNGA after Afghanistan takeover". www.aljazeera.com.
  2. ^ "China Takes Full Advantage of Taliban's Isolation". The DIPLOMAT. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  3. ^ "US to 'take action' if terrorists regroup in Afghanistan". The Express Tribune.
  4. ^ CAFIERO, GIORGIO. "What to expect for Taliban-Iran relations". TRT world.
  5. ^ "Pakistan-Afghan Taliban relations face mounting challenges". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  6. ^ "First Firefight: Turkmen, Taliban Engage In Border Shoot-Out". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  7. ^ Siddique, Abubakar. "Hostilities Grow Between Taliban And Tajikistan Amid Border Closure, Truck Seizures". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  8. ^ Standish, Reid. "Explainer: Why Is China Talking To The Taliban?". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  9. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Afghanistan and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  10. ^ a b "May 27 marks the 100th anniversary of establishing diplomatic relations between Russia and Afghanistan". Russia in Mazari-Sharif (IRA). Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  11. ^ a b Almanach de Gotha (in French). Gotha, Germany : Justus Perthes. 1923. p. 1237. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  12. ^ a b "No: 77, 28 February 2021, Press Release Regarding the 100th Anniversary of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the Republic of Turkey and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Türkiye. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  13. ^ a b "Centenario relazioni diplomatiche Italia – Afghanistan". Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale Italia (in Italian). 3 June 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  14. ^ a b "Today marks 96th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Afghanistan and United Kingdom". Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Afghanistan. 22 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  15. ^ a b Adamec, Ludwig W. (1967). Afghanistan, 1900-1923: A Diplomatic History. University of California Press. p. 193.
  16. ^ British and Foreign State Papers (in French). Great Britain. Foreign Office, Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 1927. p. 1.
  17. ^ "Afganistan" (in Polish). Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  18. ^ a b A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries Volume 13. India. Foreign and Political Department. 1929. p. IX.
  19. ^ "Abkommen zwischen der Schweiz und Afghanistan" (in German). Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  20. ^ "Countries and regions A–Z". Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  21. ^ a b "アフガニスタン・イスラム共和国（Islamic Republic of Afghanistan）". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  22. ^ a b Records of Saudi Arabia: 1932-1934. Archive Editions. 1992. p. 47.
  23. ^ a b "Sub-sub-series R3844/3D/15912 - Treaty of Friendship between Iraq and Afghanistan signed at Teheran on 20 December 1932". United Nations library & archives Geneva. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  24. ^ a b "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Afghanistan". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  25. ^ a b "Today marks 77th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Afghanistan and Sweden". Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Afghanistan. 22 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  26. ^ a b Indian Information Series Volume 22. Bureau of the public information of the government of India. 1948. p. 12. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  27. ^ a b British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Afghanistan, Persia, Turkey and Iraq, January 1950-December 1950. University Publications of America. 1999. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-55655-765-1. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  28. ^ Antony Best, Great Britain. Foreign Office, Michael Partridge, Paul Preston (23 January 2024). British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan, October 1947-December 1948. 2000. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-55655-768-2. Retrieved 7 November 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ a b Great Britain. Foreign Office, Malcolm Yapp, Michael Partridge, Paul Preston, University Publications of America (Firm). British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Israel, Syria, Arabia, The Middle East (General), Jordan and Arab Palestine and the Lebanon, January 1950-December 1950. 2002. p. 191.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ Petruf, Pavol. Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 (in Slovak). pp. 99–119.
  31. ^ Österreichisches Jahrbuch (in German). Druck und Verlag der Österr. Staatsdruckerei. 1950. p. 111. Türkei ... (Amtsbereich: Türkei, Persien, Afghanistan) Clemens Wildner, a.o. Ges.u. bev. Min.
  32. ^ a b Bülent Gökay, Malcolm Yapp, Michael Partridge, Paul Preston (2006). British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Arabia, The Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan and General, 1952. LexisNexis. p. 311.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ^ "Todos los países" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  34. ^ a b "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan". Department of South Asia, Middle East and African Affairs Thailand. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  35. ^ "Länder" (in German). Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  36. ^ "Bilateral cooperation". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  37. ^ a b "Sino-Afghan Relations' 65th Anniversary Celebrated in Kabul". Tolo News. 19 January 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  38. ^ Hungary. Pannonia Press. 1969. p. 68.
  39. ^ a b Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1956. p. 120.
  40. ^ "Diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  41. ^ a b Hsinhua News Agency Release. 1957. p. 163.
  42. ^ "Lista statelor cu care România întreţine relaţii diplomatice". Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  43. ^ "Documentos de Seguridad y Defensa 70" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 22. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  44. ^ "Diplomatic relations". Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  45. ^ "Biblioteca Digital de Tratados" (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  46. ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian).
  47. ^ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  48. ^ "¿Qué relación económica tiene México con Afganistán?". 17 August 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  49. ^ The Middle East Journal Autumn 1961: Vol 15 Iss 4. Middle East Institute. Autumn 1961. p. 418. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  50. ^ "List of Countries Maintaining Diplomatic Relations with Mongolia" (PDF). p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  51. ^ a b Afghanistan News Volume 5. Information Bureau, Royal Afghan Embassy. 1962.
  52. ^ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  53. ^ a b Mideast Mirror. 1964. p. 21.
  54. ^ Udenrigsministeriets Tidsskrift (in Danish). 1966. p. 269.
  55. ^ "The Republic of the Philippines and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan celebrate 52 years of formal diplomatic relations today, September 17!". 17 September 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  56. ^ "Etablissement des relations diplomatiques entre le Maroc et l'Afghanistan". Map Archives Agence Marocaine de Presse (in French). Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  57. ^ "Australia and Afghanistan mark 50 years of diplomatic relations". 30 March 2019. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  58. ^ Linwood, DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  59. ^ Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии 1970 (PDF) (in Russian). 1970. p. 204.
  60. ^ a b Asian Recorder - Volume 16. K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press. 1970. p. 9417.
  61. ^ a b Summary of World Broadcasts Far East · Part 3. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1971. p. A-39.
  62. ^ a b Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 3724-3802. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1971.
  63. ^ "Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  64. ^ News Review on West Asia. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1972. p. 9.
  65. ^ Current World Leaders biography and news · Volumes 16-17. Almanac of Current World Leaders. 1973. p. 53.
  66. ^ News Review on South Asia. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1972. p. 85.
  67. ^ D.G. Lavroff (1973). L'Afrique dans le monde (in French). Editions A. Pedone. p. 628. Senegal ... 20 février. — Annonce de I'établissement de relations diplomatiques avec l'Afghanistan.
  68. ^ a b ARR, Arab Report and Record. Vol. 1–18, 21–24. 1973. p. 29.
  69. ^ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). NCNK. 2016. pp. 8–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  70. ^ a b Korea & World Affairs Volume 6. Research Center for Peace and Unification. 1982. p. 417.
  71. ^ a b Colombo, Afghanistan Embassy-. "Vietnam-Afghanistan Relations: Ambassador Pham Calls on Ambassador Haidari – EMBASSY OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN | COLOMBO – SRI LANKA". www.colombo.mfa.af. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  72. ^ "Memoria anual 2015" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2015. pp. 19–25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2019.
  73. ^ "Países" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  74. ^ "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1977. Выпуск двадцать первый: Часть II - Зарубежные страны: Австралия-Лихтенштейн" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 209. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  75. ^ Le Mois en Afrique Issues 186-193 (in French). 1981. p. 159. ADDIS ABEBA, 6 septembre. - L'Afghanistan et l'Ethiopie ont annoncé leur décision de porter leurs relations diplomatiques au niveau des ambassades ...
  76. ^ a b Asian Almanac: Weekly Abstract of Asian Affairs. V.T. Sambandan. 1983. p. 11845.
  77. ^ "Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Laos. Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  78. ^ Central Asia - Issue 13. Area Study Centre (Central Asia), University of Peshawar. 1983. p. 170. Agreements on the establishment of diplomatic relations between the DRA and the Government of Laos and Nicaragua were concluded in New Delhi on March 12
  79. ^ "Afghanistan, Zimbabwe Establish Full Relations". Los Angeles Times. April 1987.
  80. ^ International Affairs. Vol. 1–6. Vsesoi͡uznoe obshchestvo po rasprostranenii͡u politicheskikh i nauchnykh znaniĭ, Izdatelʹstvo "Znanie.". 1988. p. 91.
  81. ^ Valenta; Cibulka. Gorbachev's New Thinking and Third World Conflicts. Transaction Publishers. p. 133.
  82. ^ "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1989. Выпуск тридцать третий. Зарубежные страны: Австралия-Малайзия" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 265. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  83. ^ "Страны, установившие дипломатические отношения с Республикой Казахстан" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  84. ^ a b "States with which Turkmenistan established diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  85. ^ "LIST OF STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS" (PDF). Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  86. ^ a b "States with which the Republic of Uzbekistan established diplomatic relations". Embassy of the Republic of Uzbekistan in Ukraine. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  87. ^ "Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  88. ^ "Bilateral Relations (country profiles listed alphabetically)". Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  89. ^ "Foreign policy - bilateral relations". Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  90. ^ "Bilateral relations". MFA Moldova. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  91. ^ a b "Political relations between Ukraine and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan". Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of Tajikistan. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  92. ^ a b "Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Republic of Croatia Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  93. ^ "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  94. ^ "Afghanistan - Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  95. ^ "Political relations". Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  96. ^ "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения" (in Russian). Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  97. ^ de Béthencourt, Marcos Fernández (2019). La orden de Malta: Estatuto Jurídico internacional (in Spanish). Editorial Sanz Y Torres. pp. 302–309.
  98. ^ "Order of Precedence Among Heads of Diplomatic Missions: as at June 2004". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 12 December 2004. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  99. ^ Đogić, Mojca Pristavec (September 2016). "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije" (PDF) (in Slovenian). Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  100. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece".
  101. ^ a b Oman. Ministry of Information and Youth Affairs, Sultanate of Oman. 2005. p. 96.
  102. ^ "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia" (in Estonian). 30 January 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  103. ^ a b "Diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Andorra. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  104. ^ "Tirana nadviazala diplomatické vzťahy s Afganistanom" (in Slovak). 16 August 2006. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  105. ^ a b Brunei Darussalam Newsletter - Page 14. Department of Information, Prime Minister's Office. 2007.
  106. ^ "Remise des lettres de créance de S.E. M. Omar SAMAD". 13 October 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
  107. ^ "Diplomatic ties with Dominican Republic established". 3 December 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  108. ^ "Ročenka zahraničnej politiky SR 2012" (PDF) (in Slovak). 2013. p. 183. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  109. ^ a b "Perú y Afganistán acuerdan establecer relaciones diplomáticas". rpp.pe (in Spanish). 27 September 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  110. ^ "President Karzai Receives Credential Letter of Nigeria's Non-Residence Ambassador". 16 April 2013. Archived from the original on 19 April 2013.
  111. ^ Gëzim Visoka (2018). Acting Like a State: Kosovo and the Everyday Making of Statehood. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 219–221. ISBN 9781138285330.
  112. ^ "H.E. Ambassador Khojesta Fana Ebrahimkhel Presents Credentials to H.S.H. Hereditary Prince Alois of Liechtenstein". 26 October 2018. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  113. ^ "Dominica, Afghanistan signs Communiqué to boost bilateral ties". 27 April 2021. Archived from the original on 20 August 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  114. ^ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  115. ^ "The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan". Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  116. ^ "Azerbaijan opening embassy in Afghanistan". AzerNews.az. 14 January 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  117. ^ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bahrain. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  118. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Benin and Afghanistan as of 5 Dec. 1984". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  119. ^ "Afghanistan Establishes Diplomatic Relations with Bhutan | Afghanistan Mission to the UN in New York". 21 April 2010. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  120. ^ "Afghanistan, Republic of". Ministry of Foreign affairs of Georgia. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  121. ^ "Afghanistan closes embassy in India citing lack of diplomatic support". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  122. ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Main News". www.tribuneindia.com.
  123. ^ "Indian commitment to Afghanistan touches USD 2 billion: PM". hindustantimes.com/. Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  124. ^ "Pakistan warns Afghanistan after pact with India". Yahoo News. 6 October 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  125. ^ "Afghanistan signs 1st strategic pact _ with India". Yahoo News. 4 October 2011. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  126. ^ Pakistan a twin brother, talks to go on: Karzai Archived 7 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Pajhwok Afghan News. Sujoy Dhar. 5 October 2011.
  127. ^ British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Afghanistan, Persia, Turkey and Iraq, January 1950-December 1950. University Publications of America. 1999. p. 31. ISBN 9781556557651. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  128. ^ Library of Congress. Federal Research Division (2001). Afghanistan: a country study. Claitor's Law Books and Publishing. ISBN 978-1-57980-744-3.
  129. ^ O'Rourke, Breffni (18 April 2007). "Afghanistan: U.S. Says Iranian-Made Weapons Found". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  130. ^ "Iranian weapons found in Afghanistan". CTV. Associated Press. 4 June 2007. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  131. ^ Iranian weapons cache found in Afghanistan: US. 10 September 2009.
  132. ^ "Afghans find tons of explosive devices transferred from Iran". CNN. 6 October 2010. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  133. ^ Jha, Lalit K (16 March 2011). "Concern in US over increasing Iranian activity in Afghanistan". Pajhwok Afghan News. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2012. We did interdict a shipment, without question the Revolutionary Guard's core Quds Force, through a known Taliban facilitator. Three of the individuals were killed... Iranians certainly view as making life more difficult for us if Afghanistan is unstable. We don't have that kind of relationship with the Iranians. That's why I am particularly troubled by the interception of weapons coming from Iran. But we know that it's more than weapons; it's money; it's also according to some reports, training at Iranian camps as well. —David Petraeus
  134. ^ Sappenfield, Mark (8 August 2007). "Is Iran meddling in Afghanistan?". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  135. ^ "U.S. says Pakistan, Iran helping Taliban". Los Angeles Times. 22 September 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  136. ^ "Afghanistan will be US's new Vietnam: Iran speaker". Archived from the original on 24 July 2010.
  137. ^ Tang, Alisa (15 June 2007), "Iran Forcibly Deports 100,000 Afghans", The Washington Post, retrieved 3 September 2010
  138. ^ "Iran Warns Unregistered Afghan Refugees of Detention Camps". Voice of America. 27 October 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  139. ^ "Afghans demonstrate against Iranian 'ill-treatment'". BBC News. 6 May 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  140. ^ Khwaja Basir Ahmad, ed. (7 May 2012). "Alleged spies say Iran's Revolutionary Guards trained them". Pahjwok Afghan News. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
  141. ^ British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Afghanistan, Persia, Turkey and Iraq, January 1950-December 1950. University Publications of America. 1999. p. 31. ISBN 9781556557651. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  142. ^ "Kazakhstan's assistance to Afghanistan helps strengthen regional and global security, diplomat says". The Astana Times. 25 September 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  143. ^ "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения". The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kyrgyz Republic (in Russian). Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  144. ^ "List of states which the Lao PDR has established diplomatic relations since 1950". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lao PDR. Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  145. ^ "Afghan Embassy in Malaysia starts issuing passports". Pajhwok Afghan News. 25 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  146. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Maldives and Afghanistan as of 17 Mar. 2006". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  147. ^ "LIST OF STATES WITH DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  148. ^ "Etablissement des relations diplomatiques entre le Maroc et Oman". Map Archives Agence Marocaine de Presse (in French). Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  149. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Mozambique and Afghanistan as of 7 Jan. 1985". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  150. ^ "Diplomatic Relations". Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar in Brazil. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  151. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Afghanistan and Namibia as of 3 Oct. 1990". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  152. ^ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  153. ^ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). The National Committee On North Korea. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  154. ^ Antony Best, Great Britain. Foreign Office, Michael Partridge, Paul Preston (2 December 2023). British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan, October 1947-December 1948. 2000. p. 112. ISBN 9781556557682. Retrieved 7 November 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  155. ^ Dawn News, Fazl urges Afghanistan to recognise Durand Line
  156. ^ Grare, Frédéric (October 2006). "Carnegie Papers – Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations in the Post-9/11 Era" (PDF). carnegieendowment.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
  157. ^ Parenti, Michael (17 December 2008). "Story of US, CIA and Taliban". The Brunei Times. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  158. ^ Hiro, Dilip (28 January 1999). "The Cost of an Afghan 'Victory'". The Nation. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  159. ^ Lorch, Donatella (16 November 1988). "Pakistan Restricts Afghan Refugees". New York Times. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  160. ^ Siddiqui, Abdul Qadir (5 December 2010). "Pakistan to resolve Afghan traders' problems". Pajhwok Afghan News. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
  161. ^ "U.S. blames Pakistan agency in Kabul attack". Reuters. 22 September 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  162. ^ Ahmad, Jibran (29 October 2021). "Afghan Taliban appoint new envoy to run embassy in neighbouring Pakistan". Reuters. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  163. ^ "The Republic of the Philippines and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan celebrate 52 years of formal diplomatic relations today, September 17!". DFA Philippines. 17 September 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  164. ^ News Review on West Asia. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1972. p. 9.
  165. ^ Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Saudi Arabia: Information on whether the government officially recognizes the Taliban government in Afghanistan, and if so, the date recognition was extended; and whether the government of Saudi Arabia provides the Taliban government with any kind of support, 1 March 1998, SAU28966.E, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6ab2c60.html [accessed 13 December 2010]
  166. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Afghanistan and Seychelles as of 24 February 2017". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  167. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Afghanistan and Singapore as of 22 June 2006". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  168. ^ "Afghanistan (Transitional Islamic State of)". dirco.gov.za. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  169. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Asia Pacific". 4 September 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015.
  170. ^ "Dates of Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Sri Lanka. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  171. ^ "Relations of Tajikistan with Afghanistan". Ministry of Foreign affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  172. ^ "Turkey-Afghanistan Economic and Trade Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  173. ^ Demirkan, Mehmet (April–May 2009). "Good Evening, Kandahar Tower!" (15). The Diplomatic Observer. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  174. ^ Bozkurt, Abdullah (6 May 2009). "Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan". Today's Zaman.
  175. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  176. ^ "Mawlavi Badruddin Haqqani appointed Afghanistan's ambassador in UAE". Pajhwok Afghan News. 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  177. ^ Umarov, Akram (27 May 2021). "The "Afghan Factor" in Uzbekistan's Foreign Policy: Evolution and the Contemporary Situation". Asian Affairs. 52 (3): 536–553. doi:10.1080/03068374.2021.1957321.
  178. ^ "Passport distribution to Afghans in Termez begins". TOLOnews. 11 October 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  179. ^ "Afghanistan, Zimbabwe Establish Full Relations". Los Angeles Times. 1 April 1987. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  180. ^ "Acuerdo por Canje de Notas estableciendo Relaciones Diplomáticas entre el Gobierno de la República Argentina y el de Su Majestad el Rey de Afganistán". Biblioteca Digital de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  181. ^ "Embassy of Argentina in Pakistan". Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  182. ^ "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan". gov.br. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  183. ^ Linwood DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  184. ^ "Canada and Afghanistan". 30 August 2019.
  185. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Colombia and Afghanistan as of 3 Aug. 1990". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  186. ^ "Estados con los que Cuba mantiene relaciones diplomaticas" (PDF). Memoria Anual 2015 (in Spanish). p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  187. ^ "Dominica, Afghanistan signs Communiqué to boost bilateral ties". wic news. 27 April 2021. Archived from the original on 20 August 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  188. ^ "Diplomatic ties with Dominican Republic established". pajhwok.com. 3 December 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  189. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Ecuador and Afghanistan as of 23 Aug. 1990". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  190. ^ "México y Afganistán, establecieron relaciones diplomáticas el 27 de junio de 1961". EmbaMex IRN (in Spanish). 18 August 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  191. ^ "Afghan Embassy". Afghan Embassy. 23 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  192. ^ "Inicio". embamex.sre.gob.mx.
  193. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Afghanistan and Panama as of 3 May 2002". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  194. ^ "Josiah Harlan". Archived from the original on 1 September 2006. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  195. ^ a b "About the Embassy". U.S. Embassy in Kabul. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
  196. ^ "Waste in U.S. Afghan aid seen at billions of dollars". Archived from the original on 29 December 2010.
  197. ^ U.S. Department of State – Background Note: Afghanistan
  198. ^ "Senator wants Karzai to address corruption, US to set up air base". Pajhwok Afghan News. 3 January 2011. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  199. ^ LANDAY, JONATHAN (1 July 2023). "US State Department review of 2021 Afghanistan evacuation critical of Biden, Trump". GMA News. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  200. ^ "U.S. Embassy in Kabul will remain empty after withdrawal, diplomats to be based in Qatar". Newsweek. 31 August 2021.
  201. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Afghanistan and Uruguay as of 4 Oct. 1990". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  202. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Afghanistan and Venezuela as of 10 Dec. 1990". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  203. ^ "Tirana nadviazala diplomatické vzťahy s Afganistanom" (in Slovak). 16 August 2006. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  204. ^ "Belarus-Afghanistan". Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in the Republic of Tajikistan. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  205. ^ British and Foreign State Papers (in French). Great Britain. Foreign Office, Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 1927. p. 1.
  206. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Afghanistan as of 20 Sept. 2005". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  207. ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  208. ^ "Sub-sub-series R3874/3D/35212 - Treaty of friendship between Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia, signed in Paris on 13 October 1937". United Nations library & archives Geneva. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  209. ^ Udenrigsministeriets Tidsskrift (in Danish). 1966. p. 269.
  210. ^ Adrian Croft (12 August 2010). "Danish PM hopes troops to leave Afghanistan by 2015". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  211. ^ "US Department of State: Denmark". United States Department of State. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
  212. ^ "Denmark strengthens long-term commitment to Afghanistan". The Free Library. Retrieved 28 June 2011. I am very proud to be part of such an important decision of the Danish people to support Afghanistan. Given the long-lasting and friendly relations between Afghanistan and Denmark, Denmark's broad public and political support to assist Afghanistan means that we now have a new strategy for our engagement in Afghanistan for 2008–2012
  213. ^ "Afghans in Denmark". Embassy of Afghanistan, Oslo, Norway. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
  214. ^ Anjuman-i Tārīkh-i Afghānistān (1967). Afghanistan. Historical Society of Afghanistan – University of Michigan. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  215. ^ "Denmark and Afghanistan Agreement relating to air services (with annex and exchangeof notes). Signed at Kabul on 24 May 1967 (No.9951)" (PDF). United Nations Treaty Series. Retrieved 30 January 2011.[dead link‍]
  216. ^ "Agreement on a Danish Government loan to Afghanistan (with annexes and exchange of letters)". United Nations Treaty Series. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
  217. ^ "Danske F-16 fly i to aktioner i Afghanistan". B.T. (tabloid) (in Danish). 11 February 2003. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  218. ^ "Danske F-16 fly vender hjem fra Kirgistan (Danish flights returns from Kyrgyzstan)" (in Danish). Dagbladet Information. 24 June 2003. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
  219. ^ "The Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees (DACAAR)". The Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  220. ^ "Danish ambassador meets Karzai". Danish embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  221. ^ "Denmark will extend support to Afghanistan". 16 June 2005. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  222. ^ Dueholm, Pernille (2010). Danmark i Afghanistan (PDF) (in Danish). ISBN 978-87-7087-341-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  223. ^ "Besøg af Afghanistans Præsident Hamid Karzai (Visit of President Hamid Karzai)". Statsministeriet. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
  224. ^ "Fogh som ørkenrotte i Afghanistan". Jyllandsposten. 16 September 2008. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
  225. ^ "Prime Minister of Danmark visits Afghanistan". Embassy of Afghanistan in Oslo, Norway. 23 June 2010. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
  226. ^ "Development Cooperation". Embassy of Denmark in Kabul, Afghanistan. Archived from the original on 13 February 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  227. ^ "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia". Republic of Estonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs (in Estonian). Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  228. ^ "Afghanistan". Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  229. ^ "Délégation permanente d'Afghanistan auprès de l'UNESCO et de l'ICESCO". L'Ambassade de la R.I. d'Afghanistan en France. Archived from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  230. ^ "La France en Afghanistan". af.ambafrance.org.
  231. ^ Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik, 1918-1945 Serie A : 1918-1925 · Volume 6 (in German). Germany. Auswärtiges Amt. 1988. p. 640.
  232. ^ "Afghanistan: Steckbrief". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  233. ^ a b c Tom Lansford (2003). A Bitter Harvest: Us Foreign Policy and Afghanistan. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-7546-3615-1.
  234. ^ "Germany begins deportations of Afghan refugees". wsws.org. 25 June 2005. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
  235. ^ "Living in Fear of Deportation". DW-World.De. 22 January 2006. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
  236. ^ Afghanistan News - Volume 5. Information Bureau, Royal Afghan Embassy. 1962.
  237. ^ "Greece's Bilateral Relations". www.mfa.gr.
  238. ^ Hungary. Pannonia Press. 1969. p. 68.
  239. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Iceland and Afghanistan as of 17 Mar. 2004". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  240. ^ "Diplomatic Relations between Afghanistan and Ireland as of 19 Sept. 2002". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  241. ^ a b Amin Saikal (28 November 2006). Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival. I.B.Tauris. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-84511-316-2.
  242. ^ The Statement of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on the Recognition of Independence of Kosovo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Afghanistan, 2008-02-18
  243. ^ "Presidentja Jahjaga priti ambasadorin e Afganistanit, Siaullah Mahmud". Zyra e Presidentit të Kosovës. 17 June 2013.
  244. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Afghanistan and Latvia as of 18 Dec. 2005". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  245. ^ "H.E. Ambassador Khojesta Fana Ebrahimkhel Presents Credentials to H.S.H. Hereditary Prince Alois of Liechtenstein". The Embassy and Permanent Mission of The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in Vienna, Austria. 26 October 2018. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  246. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Lithuania and Afghanistan as of 31 Mar. 2005". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  247. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Luxembourg and Afghanistan as of 13 Jan. 2005". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  248. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Afghanistan and Malta as of 8 Feb. 2008". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  249. ^ "Republic of Afghanistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of the Republic of Moldova. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  250. ^ "Actus de Monaco". podcastjournal.net. 19 October 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  251. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Montenegro and Afghanistan as of 21 Sept. 2010". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  252. ^ "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  253. ^ "Message of Ambassador Youssof Ghafoorzai on the 58th Anniversary of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between Afghanistan and Norway". Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Oslo Norway. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  254. ^ "Afganistan". gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  255. ^ "Afghanistan". Portuguese Government Portal. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  256. ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Romania. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  257. ^ "Afghanistan". Republic of Serbia Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  258. ^ Mojca Pristavec Đogić (2016). "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije" (PDF) (in Slovenian). p. 8. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  259. ^ Censo de tratados internacionales suscritos por España Indice Kwoc. Tomo III (in Spanish). Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Servicio de Informática. 1976. p. 732.
  260. ^ Edgar O'Ballance, Afghan wars 1839–1992: what Britain gave up and the Soviet Union lost (Brassey's, 1993).
  261. ^ "Appointment of Australian Ambassador to Afghanistan" (Media Release). Department of External Affairs. 16 December 1968. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  262. ^ "Australia to shut embassy in Afghanistan over violence fears". BBC News. 25 May 2021.
  263. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Fiji and Afghanistan as of 4 June 2010". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  264. ^ "Order of Precedence Among Heads of Diplomatic Missions: as at June 2004". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 12 December 2004. Retrieved 18 November 2023.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Adamec, Ludwig W. Afghanistan, 1900–1923: a diplomatic history (U of California Press, 1967).
  • Adamec, Ludwig W. Afghanistan's foreign affairs to the mid-twentieth century: relations with the USSR, Germany, and Britain (University of Arizona Press, 1974).
  • Kakar, M. Hassan. Political & Diplomatic History of Afghanistan, 1863–1901 (2006), 259pp.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Afghanistan&oldid=1258254836"